Political Aspects of Lord of the Flies

The â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is an allegorical novel by Nobel Prize-winning author William Golding. It was Golding’s first novel, and was published in the year 1954. Even though it was not a grand success at the time selling fewer than 3,000 copies in the United States throughout 1955 prior to going out of print it went on to turn out to be a bestseller, and mandatory reading in various schools and colleges. It was adapted to film in 1963 by Peter Brook, and once more in 1990. The title is a reference to Beelzebub from the Hebrew name Baalzvuv ב× ¢Ã—Å" ×â€"בוב, and said to be a synonym for the Devil. Lord of the Flies explores the dark side of humankind, the savagery that lies beneath even the most civilized human beings (Faber School Editions, 1962). Golding planned this novel as a tragic parody of children’s adventure tales, demonstrating humankind’s intrinsic evil nature. The author presents the reader with a chronology of events leadi ng a group of young boys from anticipation to disaster as they try to survive their unsupervised, uncivilized, isolated environment until rescued.In the middle of a nuclear war, a group of British boys discover themselves stranded without adult supervision on a tropical island. The group is generally divided into the â€Å"littluns,† boys more or less the age of six, and the â€Å"biguns,† who are among the ages of ten and twelve. Primarily, the boys try to form a culture comparable to the one they left behind. They select a leader, Ralph, who, with the advice and support of Piggy considered as the intellectual of the group, made every effort to set up rules for housing and sanitation. Ralph furthermore makes a signal fire the group’s first priority, hopeful that a passing ship will see the smoke signal and save them. A chief challenge to Ralph’s leadership is Jack, who as well wants to lead. Jack orders a group of choirboys-turned-hunters who sacrifice t he responsibility of tending the fire so that they can partake in the hunts. Jack draws the other boys gradually away from Ralph’s influence for the reason of their natural attraction to and fondness toward the adventurous hunting activities indicating violence and evil.The conflict between Jack and Ralph, and the said forces of savagery and civilization that they correspond to is exacerbated by the boys’ literal horror of a mythical beast wandering the island (Traister, Rebecca 2005). One night, an aerial battle takes place above the island, and a casualty of the battle floats down with his opened parachute, eventually coming to rest on the mountaintop. Breezes occasionally inflate the parachute, making the body seem to sit up and then drop forward again. This sight alarms the boys as they mistake the dead body for the beast they fear. As a result to this panic, Jack forms a splinter group that is ultimately joined by all but a few of the boys. The boys who join Jack are tempted by the protection Jack’s ferocity appears to provide, as well as by the prospect of playing the part of savages: putting on camouflaging face paint, hunting, and presenting ritualistic tribal dances. Ultimately, Jack’s group in fact slaughters a sow and, as a present to the beast, puts the sow’s head on a stick.Of all the boys, only the mystic Simon has the guts to discover the real identity of the beast sighted on the mountain. Subsequent to witnessing the death of the sow and the gift made of her head to the beast, Simon starts to hallucinate, and the staked sow’s head turns out to be the Lord of the Flies, reporting to Simon what he has previously suspected: The beast is not an animal on the loose but is concealed in each boy’s psyche. Weakened by his dreadful vision, Simon loses consciousness. Recovering later that evening, he struggles to the mountaintop and discovers that the beast is merely a dead pilot/soldier. Trying to get the news to the other boys, he slips into the tribal frenzy of their dance. Perceiving him as the beast, the boys beat him to death.Soon just three of the older boys, including Piggy, are still in Ralph’s camp. Jack’s group takes Piggy’s glasses to begin its cooking fires, leaving Ralph incapable to sustain his signal fire. When Ralph and his small group approach Jack’s tribe to ask for the return of the glasses, one of Jack’s hunters releases a big boulder on Piggy, killing him. The tribe captures the other two biguns prisoners, leaving Ralph on his own.  The tribe undertakes a manhunt to look for and kill Ralph, and they begin a fire to smoke him out of one of his hiding places, generating an island-wide forest fire. A passing vessel sees the smoke from the fire, and a British naval officer appears on the beach just in time to save Ralph from definite death at the hands of the schoolboys turned savages.Golding uses many symbolisms in The Lord of t he Flies.   The whole book is symbolic of the nature of human and society generally as the island turns out to be a society metaphorical to society as a whole and the chase at the end of the book symbolic of the war.   A symbol Golding uses all through the book is the conch.   It symbolizes authority and order.   The person holding the conch had the supremacy, and it formed order and rules since when it was called, everybody had to listen.   One more symbol is Piggy’s glasses.   It represents knowledge and insight.   While Piggy had them, he was able to provide advice to the group, such as that of the signal fire.   It was the glasses that produced the fire.   On the other hand, after the glasses are broken, the group loses what insight they had.   The war paint is furthermore a symbol.   It represented the rejection of society.In a way, when they put on the disguise of war paint, they took off the mask of society and exposed their true inner selves whic h were savage. Human condition is depicted all the way through the key characters in the novel. Every one embodies a strong-minded social stereotype which will be later on profoundly explained. This existentialist dissatisfaction is an aspect which darkens human kind similar to other factors such as the type of fear which is dealt throughout the book, being this one of the key causes of chaos. Those parallelisms, being several of them adventured, are valid too revealing two questions which take far beyond this point: to what extent is brutality a mere consequence of circumstances or a genuine feature in mankind.Unfortunately anarchy conquers order. This is the outcome for the reason that Golding believed that government is an unproductive way to maintain people together. No matter how logical or reasonable, government will in the long run have to give in to the anarchical demands of the public. This book traces the faults in society to the faults in the human being (Baker, James R. 1970).   Golding says that every person has in evil inner nature inadequately covered by society.   If the society is taken away, then the inner nature comes out and disorder and lawlessness erupt. Every person has an evil nature and is able of committing heinous crimes.   In this book, practically each person fell to the level of Jack’s savagery with the exception of those that were able to notice that evil such as Ralph, Simon, and Piggy. The beast is human.   In the start of the book, a littlun told the others that he saw a beast in the jungle opening everyone’s fears.   On the other hand, it turns out that the beast is in fact a parachutist and human, symbolizing that what people should be scared of is not some evil creature, but their own selves and other humans.Baker, James R. â€Å"The Decline of Lord of the Flies.† In South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 69, Autumn, (1970).Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnamâ⠂¬â„¢s Sons, (1954).Lord of The Flies, William Golding. Faber School Editions, (1962).Traister, Rebecca, â€Å"Reading â€Å"Lord of the Flies†Ã¢â‚¬ , (2005).

Nature in Sons and Lovers by David Herbert Lawrence Essay

In his introduction to The Letters of D. H. Lawrence, (Aldous Huxley, 1932) declared that Lawrence was ‘above all a great literary artist†¦one of the greatest English writers of any time. ’ Born in Eastwood near Nottingham, England on the 11th of September, 1885, D. H. Lawrence wrote novels that presented the dehumanizing effect of industrial culture and preached a glorified union with nature along with its corollary, sexual fulfilment. His experience growing up in a coal-mining family provided much of the inspiration for Sons and Lovers, his third novel, also considered his ‘crowning achievement’ (Qamar Naheed, 1998). Written in 1913, it is considered a pioneering work for its realism, vivid characterisation, treatment of sex complications and faultless control over tone and narrative method. Sons and Lovers is referred to as a Kunstlerroman (a version of the Bildungsroman), which is a novel charting the growth and development of an artist. The novel contains many autobiographical details, leading Mary Freeman (1955) to define Lawrence’s ‘most pervasive aim’ as the attempt to link experiences in his writing; she declares Sons and Lovers as the starting point from which Lawrence ‘moved towards more complex speculations’. Undoubtedly Lawrence used his own experiences very fully in the novel: his parents’ relationship, attitudes and personalities are mirrored in that of Morel’s. He remarked in a letter, ‘one sheds one’s sickness in books’ and Sons and Lovers is a way of his coming to terms with those formative experiences which made him the man he was (Jenny Weatherburn, 2001). Lawrence was an acute observer of the natural world who took great joy from it (Weatherburn, 2001) and the novel reveals a great preoccupation with nature. One of the important artistic features in Sons and Lovers is the symbolic meanings associated with nature. Lawrence applies the symbolism of nature to reveal Paul Morel’s complicated relationships with the three women in his life – Mrs. Morel, Miriam and Clara. These characters bond deeply in nature and Lawrence uses nature, and specifically flowers throughout the novel to symbolize these deep connections. Nature is used as a central symbol throughout Sons and Lovers and it is intricately linked to Lawrence’s presentation of Paul’s female relationships. Lawrence’s use of landscapes and nature images in Sons and Lovers directly contributes to the development of Paul’s relationship with his mother, Mrs. Morel. For Mrs. Morel, the garden proves to be a place of poetry, meditation and a means of escape from the ugly reality of her life. At the end of Chapter 1 when Mr. Morel, in a fit of rage and drunkenness, locks Mrs. Morel outside in the gardens to demonstrate his power in the household, the pregnant Mrs. Morel wanders into the garden and succumbs to ‘a kind of swoon’ – ‘her self melted out like scent’ – and the child too melted with her in the mixing-pot of moonlight. Her stillness in the garden where she contemplates the flowers and finds peace in their perfume highly contrasts with the noisy restlessness of her husband – ‘Mrs. Morel gasped slightly in fear. She touched the big, pallid flowers on their petals, then shivered. They seemed to be stretching in the moonlight. ’ (SL Page 31. ) Here Lawrence uses pathetic fallacy as the garden mirrors her emotions and she seeks refuge and comfort among her flowers. According to Stefania Michelucci, 2002; ‘In this nocturnal episode, the garden also represents a threshold from which she establishes a relationship with the unknown, with forces of nature which intoxicate and disturb at the same time. ’ (Page 38) Here the lilies in full bloom are symbolizing Mrs. Morel’s young exuberant life, while the pollen is breeding the new life. She and the embryo immerse and bond in the atmosphere all in a lethargic sleep; from the onset Lawrence uses flowers to reveal Paul’s and Mrs. Morel’s unordinary relationship. Lawrence was aware of Freud’s theory and Sons and Lovers uses nature to underscore the Oedipus complex present in Paul’s relationship with his mother. Paul is hopelessly devoted to his mother, and nature is used to reveal the love that often borders on romantic desire. Paul was born when she no longer loved her husband, and did not want to have this child. Ms. Morel decides to love this child well, as compensation for bringing him in to a loveless world. Nature, specifically flowers, connects the two, as Paul shows love by giving flowers to his mother from as early as infancy. Whenever Paul brings her flowers the mood is gay, lively, warm or poignant. In addition, Lawrence presents scenes that go beyond the bounds of conventional mother-son love: as the two spend a day in the country together at the Leivers’, the beauty and sensuality of the countryside are reflected in their relationship – ‘Then they went out into the wood that was flooded with bluebells, while funny forget-me-nots were in the paths. The mother and son were in ecstasy together’. (SL Page 145) Throughout the duration of this isit to the countryside, the beauty of nature entrances mother and son; so much in fact, that they both insinuate that their feelings of happiness can be attributed to this intimate, countryside visit. Upon leaving ‘his heart was full of happiness till it hurt. His mother had to chatter because she, too, wanted to cry with happiness’. (SL Page 148) The description of their unordinary relationship is replete with sensual descriptions of nature, of budding flowers and dew speckled grass, as well as of passion expressed through art. The imagery is clearly erotic and would have been unacceptable in Victorian England, therefore leading to harsh criticism upon publication. Similarly, Lawrence uses nature to symbolize Paul’s intricate relationship with Miriam. Nature has a strange fascination for both Paul and Miriam; the beauty of nature, her changing colours and forms stimulate them and Lawrence conveys this to the reader through descriptive paragraphs and dialogue. The nature aspects that are in the extract convey purity; the two characters are young and fresh and the descriptive language used reflects this. Miriam is eager to show Paul a ‘certain wild-rose bush she had discovered’ and the emotive language used reveals Miriam’s belief that until Paul has seen the bush ‘it had not come into her soul’; the bush is a way of representing the relationship between Miriam and Paul as whilst it holds great importance to Miriam it meant nothing unless it was shared with Paul. The language used to describe the nature suggests the writer finds euphoria in nature. The bush is described as ‘splashing darkness everywhere with great split stars, pure white’ which give is imagery of the night and the ‘stars’ are seen as the most beautiful aspect of the night. The ‘pure white’ reiterates the youth and beauty between the two characters. The ‘pure white’ can also be seen as representative of newness of the events. It is not only the characters’ love of nature that is portrayed in the extract but also the writer’s as the language Lawrence has used to describe the natural surroundings is beautiful and euphoric. Romanticism depicts that external nature is described accurately and sensuously and should be centered with human experiences and problems. The rose bush, described as having a ‘cool scent of ivory roses- a white virgin scent’, symbolizes the sexual tension between Paul and Miriam and reflects Miriam’s inner battle whether or not to have a physical relationship with Paul. Here again, Lawrence focuses unflinchingly on sexual experience and sexual feeling –‘She saw the dark yews and the golden crocuses, then she looked at him gratefully. †¦ And now he asked her to look at this garden, wanting the contact with her again. Impatient of the set in the field, she turned to the quiet lawn surrounded by sheaves of shut-up crocuses. A feeling of stillness, almost ecstasy came over her. It felt almost as if she were alone with him in this garden. ’(S L, p. 190). This chapter begins to suggest that Paul needs some connection beyond what he shares with his mother. In his free time, Paul is a painter, and he still needs his mother to do his best work, but Miriam allows him to take his work to another level; she makes him feel an intensity he has never before experienced. Miriam also seems to have some sense of this connection, evident especially when she feels that, until she shows him the rose bush, she will not fully have experienced it herself. The connection between Paul and Miriam may be one reason that Mrs. Morel dislikes Miriam – ‘She could feel Paul being drawn away by the girl. ’ She seems to view Miriam as direct competition for her son’s love and attention. Lawrence also links Miriam with nature in a psychological level. She is depicted as having a pantheistic worship of the natural world – ‘Miriam went on her knees before one cluster, took a wild-looking daffodil between her hands, turned up its face of gold to her, and bowed down, caressing it with her mouth and cheeks and brow. He stood aside, with his hands in his pockets, watching her. One after another she turned up to him the faces of the yellow, bursting flowers appealingly, fondling them lavishly all the while. â€Å"Aren’t they magnificent? † she murmured. â€Å"Magnificent! It’s a bit thick—they’re pretty! † She bowed again to her flowers at his censure of her praise. He watched her crouching, sipping the flowers with fervid kisses. ’ (SL Page 248) The disharmony between the two is evident from Paul’s annoyed reaction to Miriam’s almost sexual appreciation of nature – â€Å"Why must you always be fondling things? † he said irritably. â€Å"But I love to touch them,† she replied, hurt. â€Å"Can you never like things without clutching them as if you wanted to pull the heart out of them? Why don’t you have a bit more restraint, or reserve, or something? † (SL Page 248) Paul’s complex innermost feelings are evident; e is evidently fettered by Miriam and yearns for freedom – ‘When she bent and breathed a flower, it was as if she and the flower were loving each other. Paul hated her for it. There seemed to be a sort of exposure about the action, something too intimate. ’ (SL, p. 199) The way she holds the flower symbolizes her attitude toward Paul. Finally, toward the end of the book when Paul makes his final break with Miriam, he presents her with a bowl of flowers. A flower in the novel, seems to represent life. For Miriam, the flowers represent the rootless flowers of death. Nature is also used symbolically in the representation of Paul’s relationship with Clara. Lawrence uses nature to metaphorically symbolize the intense feelings Paul has for the women in his life and Clara’s connection to nature is portrayed to be totally antithetical to that of Mrs. Morel and Miriam – ‘The flowers were very fresh and sweet. He wanted to drink them. As he gathered them, he ate the little yellow trumpets. Clara was still wandering about disconsolately. Going towards her, he said: â€Å"Why don’t you get some? † â€Å"I don’t believe in it. They look better growing. â€Å"But you’d like some? † â€Å"They want to be left. † â€Å"I don’t believe they do. † â€Å"I don’t want the corpses of flowers about me,† she said. â€Å"That’s a stiff, artificial notion,† he said. ’ (SL Page 270) According to Mark Spilka (1980), Clara ‘doesn’t want to be ‘picked’ or taken by any man; she has separated from her husband and for her flowers become as proud and frigid, in their isolation, as she would like to be in hers. ’ This ritual of picking flowers causes Paul and Clara to engage in their first spirited conversation which reveals opposing values of both characters. The way they pick flowers reflects their values –‘Miriam with false reverence; Paul with love, like a lover; and Clara not at all – but at least she respects the life in them, and the flowers, in their turn, will defend her – whereas Miriam’s sheltered blooms will quickly die. ’ Lawrence entitles the lyrical chapter ‘Lad –and-Girl-Love’ and punctuates it with Paul’s intense enjoyment of the world of leaves and flowers, while relating it to the sexual attraction between Paul and the women in his life – Miriam Leivers and Clara Dawes. In the cene where Paul, Miriam and Clara are together on an open field in the country, Miriam is evidently aware of the attraction between Paul and Clara and uses it as a test to see if her spiritual hold over his soul will prevail over his desires for Clara’s body –‘Clara’s hat lay on the grass not far off. She was kneeling, bending forward still to smell the flowers. Her neck gave him a sharp pang, such a beautiful thing, yet not proud of itself just now. Her breasts swung slightly in her blouse. The arching curve of her back was beautiful and strong; she wore no stays. Suddenly, without knowing, he was scattering a handful of cowslips over her hair and neck, saying: â€Å"Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust, if the Lord won’t have you the devil must. † The chill flowers fell on her neck. She looked up at him, with almost pitiful, scared grey eyes, wondering what he was doing. Flowers fell on her face, and she shut her eyes. †(SL Page 271) The relation between man and nature is direct and vital. Lawrence’s characters experience moments of transcendence while alone in nature, much as the Romantics did. More frequently, characters bond deeply while in nature. Lawrence uses flowers throughout the novel to symbolize these deep connections. Sons and Lovers, perhaps more than any other of Lawrence’s books, is full of images of flowers. The different traits of the characters personalities are brought home to the reader through the help of flowers. Throughout the development of the novel, as intimacy is shared, it is only through nature and natural elements that we see this â€Å"intimacy† occur. This comparable relationship with nature metaphorically symbolizes and is intricately linked with the intense feelings Paul has for the women in his life.

Perspective of song lyrics and poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perspective of song lyrics and poems - Essay Example Both forms of writing do share similarities, but by no means are they exactly the same. Despite the differences between the two formats of writing, they can be transferred to each other with a little work. Poems can somewhat more easily be turned into songs with a little work and tweaking. Just the same as if a person was trying to convert numbers, or convert any format or style of writing to another, it does take a little finesse, but none the less, it can be done. Vaughn Daniel, a published writer from MusicCity answered when asked about the topic: â€Å"If I gave someone a poem and asked them to put it to music, I would expect the poem to either be added to or some of it ending up on the cutting room floor. Song lyrics are dictated by the direction the music has taken with the melody. There are also formulas of structure in writing a song. Examples are as follows: These calculated lyric structures may also dictate what the song will sound like musically. If the lyrics are structured correctly, music can be invented just by the way the lyrics flow. Take any popular song and try singing it another way. Chances are you wont like what you hear. Lyrics often take on a life of their own musically† (http://www.musesmuse.com/poem-vs-lyric.html. Daniel shows that with a little work and finesse, a poem can be turned into a song, just that you may loose some of the original impact of the poem in the final version. There are also many similarities between poems and song lyrics. Both poems and lyrics require a person to have a strong command of what ever language they are writing in. These art forms also require the person to be expressive, and to be able to shed their feelings through their medium and express themselves. This is not an easy task, but one that comes though much work for many writers. Also, â€Å"Both poems and song lyrics rely on the potent use of language, Both engage their readers and

Do the Financial Institutions Affect the Economic Growth of A Region Essay

Do the Financial Institutions Affect the Economic Growth of A Region of Not - Essay Example This theory was the base of Lucas's neutrality-of-money paper. The neoclassical tradition emphasizes that the demand for a product in the market and the quantity supplied determine the employment and labour cost. Milton Friedman had also constructed mechanisms with a similar view. The minor misconceptions in the Friedman's theory were corrected by Lucas by establishing a perfect balance between the "long-run" and the "short-run" non-neutrality essential for money based business cycles. The basis of both their constructs is that money is "exogenous†. They simply mean the central authority handling it can easily determine the constant supply of money. We all know the institution of banking is the above mentioned authority in the modern economy. By analysing the banking sector further, with the Lucas's theory, we will be able to determine whether the modern day money-creating systems lean towards neutrality or non-neutrality of money. Both the scholars did not consider the relatio n of bank assets and money as well as the borrower’s use of these assets. The banking sectors operate actively by investing on assets and lending the profits earned to others. We all know how influential the banking sector innovations can be on the core business management strategies. The best example is the 1985 game of mergers and acquisitions. Schumpeter said, innovation is the base of market power which will provide great temporary powerful positions, but this monopoly power will erode soon. It is true. We see the rise and fall of several banks, boosting the economy of a region considerably and disappearing like a bubble in a short time. The reason for this is, several banks spring up following one successful model, without any proper goal. They are just â€Å"lured imitators† according to Schumpeter and they are the main factors causing the short term monopoly in the market. Certain scholars like Hicks argue these quick profits created by the short term monopolies are quite important to keep the market active, inspired and running. Schumpeter’s innovation concept doesn’t fit the banking sector alone. In fact, they fit all technological and developing sectors. Innovations in finance will increase investments on the other sub sectors, creating a more technically sophisticated world. The role of speculators or middle men who act as a bridge between the financial sectors and the industries requiring investment also plays an important role in determining the actions of the financial institutions. Keynes’s words stating speculators are not mere bubbles, but they are capable of making a whole institution become bubble in the speculation whirlpool is worth consideration. According to Schumpeter strong financial institutions are the base of a countries economic growth, as it is innovative and kindles growth. But, Lucas, Levine and many other authors just considered the role of such organizations like banking have been â€Å"badl y over-stressed† in relations to economical growth of a country. There are some key questions to answer 1. How do the financial institutions emerge and why? 2. Under what circumstances do the financial institutions develop rapidly? 3. Are they really necessary and do they actually affect the money flow of a region or country? Any innovative organization wants more money to grow. They are the drivers behind these financial instit

Excel Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Excel Project - Essay Example Software prepared by the most prominent software company Microsoft are: Microsoft Dynamics GP Microsoft FRx for financial reporting and analytics Microsoft Office Small Business Accounting 2007 Microsoft Small Business Financials SAP manufactures: SAP ERP Financial Solution SAP Intuit Company prepares: Quickbooks, Quicken TurboTax Industries All these software are used by organizations which have huge database and it is not easy to manage it without appropriate software, for instance multinational companies, banking systems and airport terminals etc. Apart from these industries, all these software are marketed also marketed to renowned websites like Finance.yahoo.com, Reuters and Bloomberg. Wall Street & Firms Generally Wall Street views all the firms with the ability to provide good returns. In the given 120 trading activity, only Microsoft was the only company which could not end up with positive results, apart from that, the rest of the companies reported the positive returns in t he given time frame. Results One basis of the results computed on the Microsoft Excel sheet along with the graphs, the analysis of 120 trading days’ activity clearly reflects that SAP performed remarkably well earning a gain of around $90,000, whereas Microsoft turned out to be the worst among all five participants reporting a net loss of around $55,000. The other three software designing firms produced mediocre results, presenting net gains $15,000, $9,000 and ?12,000 by oracle, Intuit and Sage respectively. Source Yahoo! Finance was used as the data source from the stock price data was retrieved. The reason for choosing this financial database is the element of ease and convenience that Yahoo! Finance provides to its users. The other important aspect of choosing Yahoo! Finance was ability to convert all the data into excel sheets which provides users the ultimate ease of working on that data. Analysis Since the SAP performed the best among all five participants and Microsof t performed the worst, therefore whatever is the amount of investment can be made equally on these five stocks, the end output will be same in which SAP would be leading ahead from the rest of participants. In scenario 1, 3 and 4 SAP is involved, and it can be observed that SAP is performing much better. Opposite view goes for Microsoft as Microsoft is included only in Scenario 1 due to its sluggish performance in the reported 120 trading days. Microsoft even could not qualify to be part of other 3 scenarios. If every scenario is discussed on individual basis it can be observed that SAP is the top leader and Microsoft is the top loser in scenario 1 in which all five companies were given an equal share of $500,000 to be invested in. Scenario 2 comprised of the two stocks from largest cap market companies in which SAP and Oracles were included. Here SAP remained well above from Oracle. Scenario 3 comprises of two best performing companies from medium sized markets in which Intuit and Sage were included. Here Sage performed marginally well from Intuit. The last scenario contains two stocks, each selected as the best performing from large and medium sized markets. SAP and Sage are the constituents of this scenario and clearly SAP beat Sage by a huge amount of $155,000. Fifth Scenario On the basis of the results obtained under scenario 1, the fifth best possible scenario that can be the most worthwhile among all five companies is the scenario in which SAP and

ILLEGAL LOGGING & DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES Essay

ILLEGAL LOGGING & DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES - Essay Example Humility and poverty are focused by Franciscan spirituality due to several reasons. They provide the means for understanding the real purpose of existence. Excessive material wealth leads to avarice, greed, and hatred which can cause the destruction of humanity. Thus the notion of believing in Christ helps an individual to contemplate about the Crucifixion and Resurrection. It helps the individual to recognize the unique creation of humanity that is entrusted with the task of creating a just and humane society. The Philippines is a great nation with a talented and productive workforce. It has natural resources that are being threatened by unscrupulous individuals who desire greed and profit. Illegal logging poses a serious threat to indigenous people and local habitats. It has the potential of creating natural disasters that increase misery and oppression. The goal of this paper is to apply Franciscan spiritual principles in the context of illegal logging and natural disasters in the country. It seeks to develop a collective response by focusing on the major principles of spirituality. Background Franciscan spirituality is based upon the notion of living a life that is filled with humility and poverty. It encourages the development of spirituality as the means to attaining eternal grace and union with God3. It embraces the notion of living as Christ because he is the symbol of divinity and humanity. His crucifixion enables the believer to contemplate about the changing environment. It creates an environment where success can be attained by recognizing the value of human life4. Spirituality means the application of moral principles that enable a human to live in harmony and balance with the external environment. Every action of humans must be Christian centric because ultimately it will be the criteria for success. The Philippines is a beautiful country with a hardworking and talented people5. It has numerous resources like natural habitats and environmental won ders. All of these resources are under threat from unscrupulous individuals who seek to destroy them for their own purposes. Illegal logging and natural disasters pose a threat to the integrity of the country. It is contrary to the natural values that embrace the notion of solidarity, peace, and harmony with the external environment. Franciscan spirituality advocates love for all human beings irrespective of their differences6. It embraces the notion of poverty as a means of fulfilling the covenant of Christ. It believes in the absolute supremacy of poverty because richness is really found in the spiritual domain. Application of Franciscan Spirituality Franciscan spirituality is derived from the Christian notion of perfection and sanctity because the believer is encouraged to achieve the ultimate dream of eternal union with the divine entity7. Hence it advocates the development of a spiritual framework that seeks to exert the believer to perform righteous actions to the utmost in or der to achieve sainthood. The Filipino people value the importance of sustainable living with the surrounding environment. This is because the natural environment provides food, shelter, growth, and sustenance. Hence it must be respected according to their natural values and norms. A recurrent theme of Franciscan spirituality is the emphasis towards modesty and destitution8. This is because materialistic possessions tend to create greed and avarice among

Historical Points of Organizational Change Coursework

Historical Points of Organizational Change - Coursework Example Organizational change has its biggest paradox in the fact that its peak production period is probably time to start implementing significant change. Finally, there is limited knowledge on how to implement organization change. However, organization change is inevitable and must be managed in order to attain the best out of it. While planned organizational change occurs according to steps, the real change does not. One historical perspective of organizational change is industrial and organizational psychology (Burke, 2009). In the time before and just after WWII, industrial psychology only dealt with military, industrial, and business organizations. Its major thrust dealt with testing and studies focused on efficiency and morale. Industrial psychology in the late 1940s to the early 1950s dealt with psychological test development and supervisory training. In 1953, Fleishman carried out studies to determine whether the behaviors and attitudes of the supervisors would change after a two week program. Two leadership actions were reflected by tests; initiation of structure and consideration of a leader’s subordinates. However, training can only be effective if the organization has the climate to support the training goals. Industrial psychologists have increased comprehension of organizational change during WWII and beyond. Another perspective into organizational change comes from the systems theory, introduced in 1950 by Van Bertalanffy (Langer et al, 2009). The theory approaches the organizations as interdependent parts with specific functions, as well as interrelated responsibilities. The emphasis with the perspective in organizational change is that real systems interact with, and are open to, acquisition of new properties via emergence, leading to continual evolution. Instead of bringing down an organization to its

Management case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Management case study - Essay Example Organizations are also realizing the importance of ethical behavior in managing a diverse workforce. Diversity can be defined as the presence of members of different ages, genders, ethnic groups, and/or educational backgrounds in an organization. Since the composition of the workforce has been changing over the past few years, managing diversity has become a challenge to organizations. In the past, in many organizations in the United States, while male employees' occupied prominent managerial positions. However, the situation today has undergone a radical change with people from diverse backgrounds occupying managerial positions. The reasons for the emergence of this kind of diversity may be changing demographic structure of the workforce, competitive Pressures, rapidly growing increase in International Business etc. A major reason for emergence of diversity is changes in the demographic structure. Government legislation against discrimination and the increasing globalization of the firms have also led to the diversity of the workforce. In addition, modern organizations have realized that diversity should be encouraged because it enhances their competitiveness. Changing demographics is one of the most important reasons for the emergence of diversity. ... The increase in skills and education levels across the entire population combined with legal provision of equal opportunity for all have led to an increase in the number of people from diverse backgrounds occupying managerial positions. Diversity will help organizations to remain competitive. This fact is slowly being realized by organizations these days. Those firms that adopt a proactive, affirmative approach to recruiting people from diverse backgrounds generally have a talented and capable workforce. Moreover, organizations which hire people from diverse backgrounds are likely to gain a reputation as fair employers and are more likely to attract competent employees. Qualified employees in such organizations feel that they have better opportunities for growth as these organizations tend to follow fair and progressive policies. Increasing globalization of firms An organization faces the challenge of blending different cultures when it expands its operations beyond its national boundaries. Managers and technical personnel who go to a foreign country to put an organizational system in place will have to change their leadership styles, communication patterns and other practices to suit the culture of the foreign country. By so doing, they assist in bringing about a fusion of cultures and increasing employee productivity for the benefit of both the organization and the country. Those organizations which value diversity are in a better position to work with people from different cultures, customer and social norms when they go global. Therefore, in a business environment, where geographical borders no longer act as a constraint, organizations have to ensure that people of the host country are part of its workforce so that

Strategic Management Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic Management Planning - Essay Example Their number of customers is accruing on a steady basis. Despite of all this there are certain serious issues which need to be taken into consideration for the company to achieve success in all the areas. After reviewing the whole company through the process of Porter's analysis, SWOT analysis, financial analysis and Mckinsey analysis I have gathered certain issues, which if handled the company can do hundred times better then their current output. Those customers who could not pay for their repaired motors used to leave their motors with the company. The company can facilitate them in the form of paying their amounts through installments. Here the company would not have to worry about the untaken cars but just would have to keep track of the installment payments. This would leave extra space within the workshop. No doubts that the company has UL certification, but the awareness of ISO certification is making the customers more conscious as to where to buy the service. Having the ISO certification would help us also cater those customers who are ISO conscious for the quality provided. The company is not giving any salary appraisal automatically. In order to motivate their staff and maximize the output, the company should pay its employees in the form of piece rate. Here the staff would be paid some base pay as well as extra pay on each motor that they have helped in repairing. 7. Finance The company is in dire need of accountants. A lot of stuff is being done on the basis of historical data, which would be unhealthy in the long run. 8. Research and Development Do research on electric motors to be used in water industry as the analysis shows that there would soon be changes being made in the water industry. 9. Innovation Be innovative and creative in manufacturing sophisticated devices. 10. Research There have been unknown reasons for winding failures. Why not hire some skilled workers to research on this problem. A solution to it would be a lottery for the company. 11. Customized Control Panels Brithinee has a competitive advantage over making customized control panels. Why not advertise our capabilities to let the untapped market know of our skills. 12. Research The company is losing quite amount of money due to its gas emissions. There is always a solution to cut down costs. Find out ways as to how to reduce these harmful emissions. Look for what other repair shops are using. 13. Customer Site Find solutions for catering the customers at their own site. The more we expand our services the more

Sports Drink and Gatorade Essay Example for Free

Sports Drink and Gatorade Essay In the summers ’65, Florida University’s physics Lab was swarmed with hushes and gushes over a question on players, heat and performance on field. Coach and physicians were equally puzzled as much concerned over the matter over growing heat stroke illness and degrading performances of peak players in acute heat. While the talks went on for weeks, Dr. Robert Cade, Dr. Dana Shrines, Dr. James Free and Dr. Alejandro de Quesada grilled down the talk to two factors that had affected the performance and provoked the heat illness in Gator Players. * The fluid and Electrolytes that the players lost through sweat were not getting regenerated. * The amount of Carbohydrates that the players used for energy on field was negligently being replenished. Birth of ‘Gatorade’ Having zeroed on the problems, the research team of Florida University scientifically fabricated a balanced liquid with precise balance of carbohydrate and electrolytes. The ultimate sport beverage was uniquely produced in the lab to ensure the replacement of lost key components from the body of Gator Players while sweating and exercising. The proud confection drink was called ‘Gatorade’. ‘Gatorade’ comes on Field Having the product in Lab was not good enough. The formula was finally introduced to the team; the gators started using the beverage during their practice, exercises and sport on field. The results were ubiquitous. Players were less fatigued, more active and exhibited outlasting win against the heavily favored opponent of the time finishing the ’65 season at 7-4. The performance had just started walking. By the year of 1966, Gator Team finished the season at 9-2 making a historical win of Orange Bowl. Beverage Buzz and Biz The beverage caught wild fire buzz in the field of sports far beyond the boundaries of Florida. People were curious about the beverage as much inquisitive about the invention. University of Richmond and Miami of Ohio were first to place order of batches of ‘Gatorade’ for their football team. Post the early adoption phase in the market, followers of the trend just kept coming. The famous saying of the coaches of that time was â€Å"Playing without ‘Gatorade’ on your sidelines is like playing with just ten men field†. Today’s official Sports drink traversed boundaries of nations and labs to conquer the quest for on-field energy builder. Orange to Super by ‘69 In the summer of 1969, Coach Ray Graves of the Florida Gators suggested to the Kansas City Chiefs that they use ‘Gatorade’ to combat the staggering effects of a blistering Missouri sun during training camp. The Chiefs were so impressed with the â€Å"Gator coach’s aid† that they kept it on their sidelines throughout the entire season†¦ which concluded with a stunning victory over the heavily favored Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV. In the years that followed, more and more NFL teams began placing ‘Gatorade’ on the sidelines of their games and practices, and in 1983, ‘Gatorade’ became the official sports drink of the NFL—a title it holds to this day. Science, Sports and Success After two long decades of Dr. Cade and his team’s much famed work in developing optimum hydration formula- ‘Gatorade’ made its way to the ‘Gatorade’ Sports Science Institute founded in Barrington, Illinois, to conduct scientific research in the areas of exercise science, hydration, and sport nutrition. By early ‘90’s, the lab expanded to provide advanced testing for athletes and new ‘Gatorade’ products and flavors and develop education materials for sports health professionals around the world. ‘Gatorade’ Today The official sports drink of the NBA, AVP, and PGA, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer, and numerous other elite and professional organizations and teams, ‘Gatorade’ is not a beverage is it! From Field to Track Millennium witnessed a problem at the professional race car drivers coach meet. The adequacy of hydration was a bit much of a problem given that the heat reaches 130 degree temperature throughout the course of a lapped race. The challenge was huge and battle was tough. ‘Gatorade’ and GSSI (‘Gatorade’ Sports Science Institute) began their work with auto racing organizations to develop a hydration tool that could withstand 130-degree temperatures and keep drivers hydrated safely throughout the course of a race. The result of their research was the development of GIDS, the ‘Gatorade’ In-Car Drinking System, which is now considered an essential piece of racing equipment. Drink up the Challenge! The staff of GSSI (‘Gatorade’ Sports Science Institute) realized that replenishment on field was not good enough for the players and athletes. The need of the hour engaged in high demand training and competition. ‘Gatorade’ launched the ‘Gatorade’ Performance Series, an exquisite line of sports nutrition products, in ‘01. These products included ‘Gatorade’ Energy Drink, ‘Gatorade’ Energy Bar, and the ‘Gatorade’ Nutritional Shake. By 2005, GSSI (‘Gatorade’ Sports Science Institute) brought in the most captivating invention that took the market as much by surprise as exclaimed. After extensive years of study on athlete’s endurance, the company presented the ‘Gatorade’ Endurance Formula. Featuring a higher concentration of sodium—the key electrolyte found in Original Thirst Quencher—and four other electrolytes lost in sweat. What Next! The staff of GSSI (‘Gatorade’ Sports Science Institute) is dedicated to innovative search and research on sports in their mission of performance improvisation on field and off field through proper facilitated supply of hydration and nutrition. The advancement of the collective mission is here to stay and for as long as people love sports and health is the much wanted wealth! Drink the thrust of thirst Some facts which will help us understand the key success and the reason for ‘Gatorade ‘existence and market player consistent. * Dehydration can be one of the biggest competitors of athletes. * Research shows that well hydrated athletes perform better. * When you sweat you lose fluids electrolytes and potassium essential to maintain performance Market: The Pepsi Co. ’s much hyped and popular energy drink has far expanded the market from stadium, sport training and gymnasiums. The chart show cases the usage of drink widely by the society of Men or women of all ages who practice sports or have an active routine. What are the other possible factors that gets the drink flowing? Appearance: The beautifully crafted Stylish plastic bottle is certainly an eye-catcher. Not to forget the breathing colors, ergonomic bottle design and its fun packaging. Appeal: The product? s price oscillates between $0. 65 and $1. 50 depending on the package presentation. It appeals to all age and income group due to wide variety and amplified reach in functional and emotional benefits related to Health. Attributes: 1. ‘Gatorade’ helps to put back lost electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium and chloride. 2. Stimulates thirst so you can maintain hydrated 3. Gives essential fluids athletics need when it matter most. 4. Gives working muscles the energy they need to enhance athletic performance 5. Nothing rehydrates replenishes and refuels an athlete better than Gatorade. Special Features a. Has a 6% carbohydrate solution, optimal amount to give working muscles the energy they need. b. New and different flavors: Lemon Lime, Fruit Punch, Orange, Citrus Cooler, Passion Fruit, Strawberry Kiwi etc. c. No other sports drink is absorbed faster than Gatorade. Not even water Advertisements. The product is advertised through T. V. with commercials in which very famous athletes appear drinking ‘Gatorade’ to rehydrate. The media resources used for making advertisements are T. V. , radio, the Internet, magazines, newspapers. The purpose of advertisement is to convince consumers that nothing hydrates better than Gatorade. Positioning Target and Market: Gatorade’s positions itself on the shelf of energy drink for sports and nutrition. However, it entails more market outside the athlete group with individual youth leading an â€Å"active† lifestyle who wants to enhance their health and energy stamina. Gatorade’s targets a communication which fills the void created by all other competitive brands which focus highly on providing fuel, fluid and nutrients before and after the exercise. * Based on 2008 Energy Drinks North America Report, where Gatorade’s share is 49%, total market size is US$ 5. 3Billion. * ‘Gatorade’ sales is US$2. 6Billion * Gatorade’s market share is 49% * Then total sports drink market size is US$2. 6Billion/0. 49 = US$5. 3Billion Gatorade’s Speaks: PTM- Primary Target Market Personality: The youth leading an â€Å"active† lifestyle who are health conscious and strongly believes in fit body perfect mind theology. Demographics: Young (pre-adults (13-24), M/F, social class ABC, single) Lifestyle: Athletic, active, enjoy sports, playful and lively) Behavior: Drinks 8 fl oz. of liquid, before, during or after any physical activity for: * Thirst quenching * Prevent dehydration * Energy Boost * Nutritional Supplement * Healthy Beverage Needs: The youth wants: * To be secured (health), avoid dehydration; thirst quenching * The youth choose ‘Gatorade’ over other sports drinks because: * Flavor, available in all convenient stores, * Brand (endorsed by Michael Jordan and Dwayne Wade), * Taste Thinks: When the youth drinks Gatorade, he is not just thirst quenching, rehydrating, getting more active or feeling energized. They feel their mind saying: * I am athletic! * I am active! * I am a winner! * I would be like Michael Jordan/Dwayne Wade * I won’t get dehydrated Competition: ‘Gatorade’ has several competitors on retail shelf: Direct Competition: * Pocari Sweat * PowerAde * Tropical Fruit * Cool Blue Indirect Competition: * Energy Drinks (Cobra, RedBull, Samurai), Isotonic Drinks (100 Plus), * Instant energy drink (Joss), * Flavored water (Vit water), * Tea (C2, Real Leaf), * Water (Viva, Absolute) Market Drivers: Variables: * Price, packaging, * Convenience of use * Different variants * Availability * Brand * Lifestyle Unique Selling Proposition: 1. To thirsty, sweaty jock, ‘Gatorade’ is the original sports beverage that quenches thirst while replacing fluids and electrolytes. 2. The only sports drink that is thirst quenching for the youth who leads an â€Å"active† lifestyle that promises to improve performance 3. No brand has a similar position. 4. Others focus on complete with electrolytes and positively charged ions. ‘Gatorade’- A 4P Analysis Product: ‘Gatorade’s sports drink is scientifically formulated to replace fluids and provide energy to working muscles. It offers a scientifically validated blend of carbohydrates and key electrolytes. Variants: * Lemon-Lime, * Orange, * Cool Blue, * Citrus Cooler, * Strawberry Kiwi * Fruit Punch Sizes: * 12 * 20 * 24 * 32 * 34 * 64 : (in fl oz) and 1 gallon Price: ‘Gatorade’ is priced 36% cheaper than PowerAde. i. ‘Gatorade’12 fl oz = US$ 1. 07 ii. ‘Gatorade’20 fl oz = US$ 1. 38 iii. ‘Gatorade’24 fl oz = US$ 2. 49 iv. ‘Gatorade’32 fl oz = US$ 3. 99 Place: ‘Gatorade’ is distributed nationwide using Pepsi Co. distribution network * Supermarkets, * Local stores, * Convenience outlets, * Drugstores, * Market stalls * Nationwide Pick-up by customers. * Cash and credit transaction * It benefits from the distribution leverage of Pepsi Co. * Has an excellent branding, excellent product distributed nationwide. Promotion: A look back Objective of ‘Gatorade’: Accelerate in the sports drink market. Size of the total market: $4 billion Growth of the market: 12% from 2006 Seasonality: Peaks in the summer Product Life Cycle: Growth: (Although Gatorade was created in 1965) we believe sports drinks are in the growth stage because there’s a growth in market of 12% since 2006 also the number of entrants into the market suggests that this is a growing industry on its way up rather than down. Brand| Market Share| Dollars (in ‘000s)| Gatorade| 82%| 3,280,000$| PowerAde| 17%| 680,000$| Others| 1%| 40,000$| Target profile * Metropolitan area/CMA * 13-24 * Active lifestyle * Male or female * Single/Couple * Involved in organized sports/activities * Exercises regularly * Urban/suburban * Very social * Outgoing * Extroverted * Student or new professional * Unmarried/newly married * College/university educated * Renter or new home/condo owner * $18,000 $150,000 yearly income * $18,000 – $35,000 average consumer * Generally considers themselves leaders * Heavier user (of sports beverages). * Previously used other sports drinks – not new to the market * Strong brand loyalty based on expected performance * Looking for a competitive edge * Interested in local news with an emphasis on sports * Watches sports on tv * Reads magazines about healthy living, sports, and recent events * Regularly purchases athletic gear/clothing Buying decision process When: * On their way to activities (exercise/sports games, etc) * On their way home from activities * When they miss their activities Where: * Convenience stores/gas stations * Gyms * Snack bars * Grocery stores (healthy ones like The Barn/Logos). * Vending machines * Located in recreation centers, gyms, etc * Health-based/oriented retailers (GNC, Hercs, Goodness Me! , etc) * Schools Key Influencers: * Pro athletes * Amateur athletes * Someone like themselves that they can relate to/identify with * Peers Trends * Looking towards everyday people promoting product because they feel more in tune with their situation * Value conscious now means more than price for quantity * They are now paying attention to ingredients and benefits, so value = right price, right ingredients and benefits * Using sports drinks as regular drinks. * Looking to make healthier choices – less sugar, fat, etc. Environmental Issues Regulatory – packaging, labeling, etc. * Must meet CFIA regulations * Must include nutritional information * French/English labels * Must avoid certain types of plastic for the bottle Economic * Recession – drive to water Socio-cultural * Time-conscious/time-poor * Environmental trends – consumers want to buy recyclable products * Health-oriented society * Demanding convenience/accessibility Technological * Advancements in production SWOT analysis: Strengths. * Large company * Has substantial capital * Very well-known company-brand * Lots of awareness * Product has a strong USP * 4:1 carbohydrate to protein ratio Weaknesses * No current products in the sports drink market * No experience in the sports drink market Opportunities * Very large market (dollar wise) * Cultural shift towards healthier lifestyles * Currently, limited choices in the sports drink market Threats * Fear of recession * Consumers will only be purchasing necessities * Size of competitors * Mainly Gatorade and PowerAde.

Evolutionary Approaches to Economic Change

Evolutionary Approaches to Economic Change What is the evolutionary approach to economic change? How does it compare with conventional approach in mainstream economics? Introduction The changes in the economic process brought about by innovation, together with all their effects, and the response to them by the economic system, we shall designate by the term Economic Evolution†, Schumpeter (1939).[1] The above description of economic evolution by Schumpeter aptly illustrates the picture of the evolutionary approach to economic change, where innovations and technology set the economic system in dynamic motion.[2] It takes into account the complexity of economic change by emphasizing: a.) the importance of technology as a contributing factor to economic change; b.) the factors that create states of disequilibrium; c.) the uncertainty of the economic system; d.) the importance of entrepreneurship; and e.) the diversity of growth rates. The evolutionary approach emphasizes dynamism in terms of competition between and among firms, which necessitates making new adaptations to the changing environment brought about by transformations created by other firms. [3] On the other hand, the conventional approach to economic change in mainstream economics perceives economic change as a function of savings, population growth and technological progress (which are viewed as exogenous), ascertain t he static income per capita levels. [4] It assumes that the growth rate of total output will in fact, always move towards a given constant level which represents a state of steady economic growth. [5] Moreover, the conventional approach operates on the basis of assumptions that center on the existence of perfect information, absence of uncertainty and achievement of warranted economic change. Comparative Analysis of Evolutionary and Conventional Approaches to Economic Change Evolutionary and conventional approaches to economic change differ in many aspects. In the context of economic change, these important differences center on the following points: a.) use of metaphors; b.) states of equilibrium / disequilibrium; and c.) emphasis on technological progress as input to economic change. Use of Metaphors The evolutionary approach uses biological metaphors to explain economic change, which uses the living organism in its analogy in effecting such change. This approach uses biological / genetic mutations to represent the small changes coming from investments in already existing enterprises. The process of mutation as evolutionary adaptation for survival lies on the nature of biological mutations which happens at random and where natural selection weeds out the unsuccessful species. Similarly, economic change in the context of the evolutionary approach occurs in a competitive environment where changes are made at random and where enterprises with less efficient management systems become the unsuccessful ones. On the other hand, the conventional approach uses physical metaphors such as investments taking the form of physical inputs such as â€Å"modifications of existing factories, fields, roads, harbours, etc†. [6] States of Equilibrium / Disequilibrium The evolutionary approach highlights the dynamic interaction of the various firms, consumers, households and markets, taking into account the distribution of income and production among them, thereby emphasizing the influence of a diverse group of variables on economic change. This is in stark contrast to the consideration of the economy as an aggregate entity by the conventional approach. In effect, the variables being diverse and numerous in the perspective of the evolutionary approach, potentially create states of dynamic disequilibrium within the economic system. These states of disequilibrium are in fact embodied in the structural change within the economic system which is â€Å"a necessary reflection of diversity in the growth rates of different activities.[7] It rejects the classical assumption of Say’s Law [8] , [9], since the evolutionary approach is grounded on a more realistic view of the economy where society places a value on the goods produced based on its prefe rences and tastes, thus, the uncertainty of gains and losses are well taken into account. This realistic view of the evolutionary approach to economic change therefore delves into the interaction between the diverse agents or actors involved in the economic system as a whole. These interactive processes being essentially dynamic and transformative in nature, expose the economic system into more random forces that lead to a disorderly state or to a state of disequilibrium. In this scenario, market processes shape the competitive process which breeds innovation consequently leading to the restless quest for technological progress. Technological progress later determines market share and hence, becomes a useful yardstick of competitive edge. In this case, there is hardly any state of equilibrium, but instead, there exist randomly interacting forces colliding with one another, producing further disequilibrium in the economic system. A useful analogy would be to equate biological evoluti onary forces that determine the likelihood of an organism to survive in a constantly changing environment, to the economic factors that cause disequilibrium which determine the competitive strength of firms in the face of imperfect competition. The conventional approach views economic change as a stationary or static process, and thus, the growth of all activities† are â€Å"at a uniform rate†. [10] The neoclassical theory which follows a conventional approach negates the importance of economic forces that often influence the rate of economic change, making it an idealized approach. Thus, in this case, there is a total absence of unemployment or inflation, while what exists is a uniform return to scale. This approach models economic change in a state of equilibrium where economic decisions are made from perfect information, and are carried out with â€Å"perfect foresight and precision so that there is never any excess supply of or, excess demand for, labor or land.† [11] This approach also assumes that a perfect suitability exists in production between capital goods and consumption goods, thus, â€Å"only one commodity is produced which may be used either for final consumption or for addition to the st ock of instruments of production.† [12] Hence this steady state of economic change in the perspective of the conventional approach assumes that: (i) all elasticities of substitution between the various factors are equal to unity, (ii) technical progress is neutral towards all factors, and (iii) the proportions of profits saved, of wages saved, and of rents saved were all three constant, [13] The conventional approach inherently possesses an â€Å"apparent inability to account for observed diversity across countries† and a â€Å"strong and counterfactual prediction that international trade should include rapid movement towards equality in capital-labor ratios and factor prices.† [14] Since it emphasizes the production function where the relationship of inputs of factors used to generate the output becomes a major consideration, in effect, it uses the classical assumption of Say’s Law.[15] Technology as Input to Economic Change The evolutionary approach to economic change emphasizes the role of technological knowledge in the improvement of economic productivity. It presupposes that technological progress and innovation are central to the attainment of economic change. J.S. Gans asserts that acceleration to the growth rate could be achieved if resources would be allocated to the production and distribution of knowledge. [16] The endogenous sources of technological progress and innovation are the institutions and organizations within which it becomes an integral part. This approach emphasizes the need to capitalize on institutions and organizations as sources of technological knowledge, in effect highlighting the importance of entrepreneurship in the quest for economic change. The costliness of technological innovation becomes embedded in the central factor of entrepreneurship which is viewed as a factor that drives capital deepening through shifts in the production function to achieve a higher rate of techno logical progress.[17] The conventional approach regards technology as exogenous and therefore is not regarded as an inherent part of the economic system . It does not trace the source of economic growth to technological innovation and consequently assumes that technology is a free good,â€Å"manna from heaven.† [18] Conclusion In the final analysis, the revolutionary and conventional approaches to economic change lie on opposite planes of the overarching concept of economic change. Their differences lie on the following salient points: The evolutionary approach emphasizes: the use of biological metaphors, dynamic change, and disequilibrium factors in a diverse economic system and entrepreneurship; and puts significant consideration on the role of technological knowledge as an endogenous part of institutions and organizations responsible for wealth creation and distribution. The conventional approach on the other hand, espouses: the use of physical metaphors, static or comparative static condition; disregards entrepreneurship due to the aggregate production perspective; and considers technological knowledge as a free, exogenous good , not directly associated with wealth creation and distribution. References: Dosi, G., Nelson, R. R., â€Å"Evolutionary Theories†. In Markets and Organization, ed. Arena, R., Longhi, C., 205-234. New York: Springer – Verlag, 1998. Gans, Joshua, S. â€Å"Knowledge of Growth and the Growth of Knowledge†. Information Economics and Policy, 4 (1989/91): 201 – 224. Green, Eric Marshall. Economic Security and High Technology Competition in an Age of Transition: The Case of the Semiconductor Industry. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996. Lucas, Robert, E. Jr., â€Å"On the Mechanics of Economic Development† . Journal of Monetary Economics , 22 (July 1988): 3-42. Martens, Bertin. The Cognitive Mechanics of Economic Development and Institutional Change. New York: Routledge, 2004. Meade, J. E. A Neo-Classical Theory of Economic Growth. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961. Meliciani, Valentina. Technology, Trade, and Growth in OECD Countries: Does Specialisation Matter?. London: Routledge, 2001. Metcalfe, J. Stanley. Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction. London: Routledge, 1998. Metcalfe, J.S. â€Å"Knowledge of growth and the growth of knowledge.† Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 12 (March 2002): 3-15. Nelson, Richard. How New Is New Growth Theory?. Challenge 40, no. 5 (1997): 29+. Reinert, E. S., Riiser, V. Recent Trends in economic theory – implications for development geography. Oslo, Norway: Studies in Innovation and Economic Policy ( Step Group) , 12 (August, 1994): 1-12. ISSN : 0804-8185. Available from: http://www.step.no/reports/Y1994/1294.pdf. Accessed ; 18, November, 2006. Scott, Maurice Fitzgerald. A New View of Economic Growth. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Sengupta, Jati K. New Growth Theory: An Applied Perspective. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998. 1 Footnotes [1] J. Stanley Metcalfe, Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction (London: Routledge, 1998 ): 103. [2] Giovanni Dosi, Richard R. Nelson, â€Å"Evolutionary Theories† in Markets and Organization, ed. Arena, R., Longhi, C. (New York: Springer – Verlag, 1998): 205-234. [3] Maurice Fitzgerald Scott, A New View of Economic Growth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991): 124. [4] Jati K. Sengupta, New Growth Theory: An Applied Perspective (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 1998): 13. [5] J. E. Meade, A Neo-Classical Theory of Economic Growth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961): 30. [6] Maurice Fitzgerald Scott, A New View of Economic Growth , 125. [7] J. S. Metcalfe, â€Å"Knowledge of growth and the growth of knowledge†. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 12 ( March 2002): 3-15. [8] Say’s Law assumes that â€Å"everything produced has some value for the community†. [9] Joshua S. Gans, â€Å" Knowledge of growth and the growth of knowledge†. Information Economics and Policy 4 (1989/91): 203. [10] J. Stanley Metcalfe, Evolutionary Economics and Creative Destruction, 3. [11] J. E. Meade, A Neo-Classical Theory of Economic Growth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1961): 4 [12] Ibid, 6. [13] . J. E. Meade, A Neo-Classical Theory of Economic Growth, 30. [14] Robert E. Lucas, Jr., â€Å"On the Mechanics of Economic Development†. Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (July, 1988): 3-42. [15] Joshua S. Gans, â€Å"Knowledge of growth and the growth of knowledge†. Information Economics and Policy 4 (1989/91):203 [16] Joshua S. Gans, â€Å"Knowledge of Growth.., 220. [17] J. S. Metcalfe, â€Å"Knowledge of growth†¦, 4. [18] Erik S. Reinert and Vermund Riiser. Recent Trends in economic theory – implications for development geography. (Oslo, Norway: Studies in Technology, Innovation and Economic Policy: Step Group, 1998): 10. ISSN: 0804-8185. Available from: http://www.step.no/reports/Y1994/1294.pdf. Accessed: 18 November, 2006.

Items Doc Holiday Might Carry when he Died Essay -- John Holliday

Doc Holliday Few gunmen in history have been as notorious as the late John "Doc" Holliday. Part of the reason Doc has enjoyed such a famed history is because of the overall decent man he was, that is when he wasn't gambling, drinking, and gun slinging. When Doc died he might have had a handkerchief, a pocket knife, a deck of poker cards, a flask half full of whiskey, and a small essay entitled "My Friend Doc Holliday" by Wyatt Earp. The most important item Doc would have had on him when he died was a handkerchief. Doc most likely had a handkerchief because of the severe case of tuberculosis he had, which led to his untimely demise. Doc contracted this disease while traveling the west, staying up long hours, drinking, smoking, and gambling most of the time he was awake. This handkerchief would have helped Doc wipe up any blood, and or dead lung tissue he might have coughed up on his last day of life. Doc was not only a very sick man, he was also a very cultured man. Being cultured might have provoked Doc to wear a handkerchief as a fashion accessory, because rumor has it that although Doc was a mans man, he still liked to look as good as possible no matter where he went. This handkerchief in his eyes may have shown people his intelligent, well educated side. This educated side is a side of Doc that few people know about today. Usually when someone hears the name Doc Holliday, they think about fighting, drinking, and gambling, all of these are true of Doc, but these people had barely scratched the surface. As a young man Doc attended Valdosta institute where he became knowledgeable of the Greek, Latin, and French languages. Amazingly Doc's favorite subject was rhetoric, his teachers claimed that Doc had a way with words unsu... ...es that he has no friends. What an interesting concept, a book written by Wyatt Earp about Doc Holliday, hopefully someone will come across this book, and reveal its contents to the world, or maybe it should stay hidden, for all fans of the west to wonder about from now, until the end of time. In conclusion, Doc Holliday lived a life of drinking, gambling, and gun running, until it caught up to him in the form of an incurable disease known as tuberculosis. Doc needed a handkerchief to take care of the problems tuberculosis caused to him. It looks like for the rest of time, man will wonder what "My Friend Doc Holliday" contained, but it is comforting to know that Doc had a friend like Wyatt who would comfort him in all of his final days. Surely Wyatt was paid for it in the form of eternal peace, because only god knows how much Doc earned a friend like Wyatt Earp.

The Character of Hagar in The Stone Angel Essay -- Stone Angel

The Character of Hagar in The Stone Angel Death is a subject that everyone fears because they associate death with their end and not a new beginning. In The Stone Angel, by Margaret Laurence, Hagar is no different. When she faces the reality of the implications of growing old she is faced with a journey, not one of her choice but one of destiny. Through her journey Hagar goes through the five different stages leading up towards death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance. The novel demonstrates each of Hagar's steps along the difficult journey of death which is frightening and intimidating but also inevitable. When Hagar is first faced with the truth that she is getting old and not going to be around much longer, her first reaction is one of denial. Hagar cannot believe that this is happening to her. In her mind she more or less associates death as a horrible nightmare of which she will eventually wake up and everything will be a dream and life will return back to normal. Hagar's denial can be seen when she describes herself: "Because I cannot remember doing it nor yet recall definitely not doing it...I become flustered" (Laurence, 30). Hagar's greatest difficulty is that her memory is failing her and this infuriates her more than anything else but it also allows her to create an illusion that everything will be fine. Hagar makes herself believe that this cannot be happening: "Then, terribly, I perceive the tears, my own they must be although they have sprung so unbidden I feel they are like the incontinent wetness of the infirm. Trickling, they taunt down my face. I dismiss them, blaspheme against them - let them be gone. But I have spoken and they are still there" (Laurence, 31). Haga... ...s woman, Hagar, who is determined to leave the world dependent on no one. Hagar does not want anyone to feel pity for her, mourn her or worry about her journey. Hagar accomplishes her goal, even though in the process she has to shatter her illusion and accept the harsh facts about life and reality. In the final scene, the reader obtains the message that Hagar has reached her independence when she holds the glass of water. As a result she can leave the world peacefully knowing that in the end she succeeded in freeing herself of any help. Hagar bravely survived her last moments with her heart and the reward of satisfaction. The reader, with the help of the author, can relate to Hagar's struggle through her journey, sympathizing with her, feeling her pain and keeping a part of her with them. Works Cited: Laurence, Margaret. The Stone Angel. New York: Knopf, 1964

Tok Titles for the 2011-2012

These are the following titles that were given for 2011-2012. 1600 words need to be written. 1. Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge. 2. Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols with knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way. Consider CAS and one or more areas of knowledge. 3. Using history and at least one other area of knowledge, examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection. . When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing? 5. What is it about theories in the human sciences and natural sciences that makes them convincing? 6. ‘It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known than to discover new data or facts'. To what extent would you agree with this claim? 7. ‘The vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; it shapes what we can know'. Evaluate this claim with reference to different areas of knowledge. . Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for knowledge in religion and in one area of knowledge from the ToK diagram. 9. As an IB student, how has your learning of literature and science contributed to your understanding of individuals and societies? 10. ‘Through different methods of justification, we can reach conclusions in ethics that are as well-supported as those provided in mathematics. ‘ To what extent would you agree?

Existing Good or Service Business Proposal

Existing Good or Service Business Proposal T. J. ‘s Corporation Business Plan Tresa Milton ECO 561 March 25, 2013 Dr. Guthlac Kirk Anyalezu T. J’s Corporation Business Plan T. J. ’s Corporation Business Plan In today society the development of technology, which are items that individual normally use being transferred into a different era. These are the items which, individual’s use every day newspapers, magazines, and now books has been supplementary to the technology world in the form of Kindle, Nook, eBook, or on CD's. T. J. s Corporation will produce a technology which, will take a book, which the corporation can use and scan it into an eBook along with an accurate synthetic voice for individuals to listen. However, T. J. ’s Corporation will show how the revenue will increase, determine the profit-maximizing quantity, and marginal revenue to maximize profit. Also T. J. ’s Corporation will analyze mix of pricing and non-pricing. T. J. â€⠄¢s Corporation will be looking for a location to work on the proposal and have the supplementary employee’s to help with transference of books to the digital format. T. J. s is currently working out of a small building and with the new proposal needs something bigger. Working in a small building puts the employees in the situation where he or she is working with little run to work. With the new location it will allow T. J. ’s Corporation to work on the new design and have the consumer’s product out faster. Assumptions and Market Structure Although other corporation have books out in eBook, the books are merely only accessible in the merchandise provided by that company. T. J. ’s Corporation merchandise consumers will have the option of reading the book quite or read along with the digital sound track.Since, T. J. ’s owns a patent on their technology their company is considered monopoly, because T. J. ’s is permitted the only business that i s selling this type of merchandise (McConnell, Brue, ; Flynn, 2013). Also there is an assumption that any employee which will be working in a month is about $300 based on sales. T. J. ’s Corporation has to generate another digitizer for their workers to have so more books can be downloaded quicker. Growth of Revenues TJ’s Corporation requires an improved marketing strategy for their digitized books this approach will allow sales to increase. If T.J. ’s changes the prices of their books their revenue will also increase. T. J. ’s Corporation is using a small website and on the sight the prices are as follow: $10 for books with failed copyright (old books), and $15 for books containing an copyright (new books). T. J. ’s Corporation sold 1,000 old books and 2,000 new books in the first six months. T. J. ’s did some research, found the new books could be brought for $5 charge and CD are $20 (R. L. Copple, 2013). With this information the company can rise their new books price to $18 to add a $3 profit and lower their older books to $7.The change in price could actually help boost the sales of the books because the older books are at a lower price which could increase revenues and the increase in price on the newer books will increase the profit. In addition, if Bury were to market his books to high school and college students there could be an increase of revenue. Bury would need to add text books to the books being digitized but if students have the option of listening to someone read the books the information might be easier for them to understand.The pricing on the books would have to be increased because of the actual price of the textbook and a higher copyright fee. The addition of the books would help to increase revenue and bring more traffic to his site for the other books. Profit maximizing Will Bury would need to look at his fixed costs (those costs that do not change the output) and the variable costs (costs that do change based on the level of output). Bury's variable costs are the five dollars for the copyrighted books that will help to expand his catalog and the costs associated with his website.This can be in the form of number of transactions or purchases and the fees associated from them. In addition, Bury will need to hire an assistant and the $40,000 that he pays will include taxes and benefits, the purchase of $14,000 in computer equipment to advance his technology, and $6,000 in advertising. This would be $60,000 a year or about $7,000 a month of fixed costs. Marginal costs and marginal revenue If there is an increase in output there will always be a raise in profit as long as marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost.There will always be a need for books to be digitized so there will always be one more unit of good to be produced and sold. There will always be new books being written and this means that there will be a constant need for books to be digitized. There will be m any choices for customers especially when new books are released. Pricing and non pricing There are many types of pricing that Bury could use and needs to take a look at all to see what would fit his business. Bury could offer single or multi unit pricing, quantity discounts, and any specials or discounts that he feels he could offer during holidays.Bury could offer promotional discounts as a way to increase revenue and bring in more customers. If Bury was to look at when book fairs or sales occur he could set up a table with information and computers for customers to purchase or look at his database. With non pricing the strategy is to make the price less of a factor with customer purchase and make product difference a greater factor (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Marketing research, new product development, and advertisement could be considered non pricing competition because Bury is trying to find ways to increase his sales. Barriers to entrySince, Bury's business is considere d a monopoly and is the only one with the technology then there should be no barriers. A barrier occurs when there are other companies that exist in the marketplace and have established patents that will make it difficult for the product being copied (McConnell, Brue, ; Flynn, 2009). Since, Bury does have a patent that means that he will out skill his competitors and with his new technology he will dominate his industry. With these barriers there could be a problem at the beginning but once the company is establish Bury wont have any problems. Product DifferentiationWill Bury's product is very different from what is out in the market because it is a digital and voice synthesized is more convenient than eBooks or books and CD's. With his product he offers customers a more convenient way to listen and read books in one place. In addition, for those avid readers the introduction of eBooks will allow for multiple books to be housed in one location. Minimized costs Mr. Bury will need to find ways to minimize his costs so he can increase his revenues. At the present time Mr. Bury will not be able to hire a full time assistant but once he has an established revenue then he can hire a full time assistant.Another way to save money would be to have his children or wife help with digitizing the book. In addition, if Bury was willing to train and work with high school and college students he can have multiple people to work part time and can have the books digitized faster. This means that he can increase his catalog of books fast and he will be able to offer more books for his customers. Conclusion At present, Mr. Bury has many options available to him that he can implement to have a successful business. The main item that he has to consider is the price, cost, and the manufacture level for creating the digital books. Mr.Bury has done a great job of identifying the costs associated with copyrighted material and the price that he would want to sell his books. One item tha t he would want to consider is the fact that he could change the price of the old and new books to increase his revenue and he can look to see if could lower the price that he pays for the royalty of the book. Currently the market is small and with Mr. Bury being a monopoly with his patented technology, he can really expand his market. The one item the Mr. Bury has to watch is the economy and has to remember that he has to stay on top of the competition. References Copple, R. 2012). How do ebooks cost. Retrieved from http://graspingforthewind. com McConnell, C. R. , Brue, L. S. , ; Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. New Good or service business proposal  This assignment focuses on introduction of a new product in the existent line of business and explains the method for development of goods for generating more revenue. The concepts of elasticity of demands, market structures in addition to profit maxi maximizing techniques are also discussed which are helpful for the good and also to counter the barriers

The Hill Reaction and Light Wattage

Wabash College| The Effects of Light Wattage on the Rate of the Hill Reaction| | | Mark Stoops| 11/29/2012| | Introduction: In the Hill Reaction lab we will be measuring the rate of photosynthesis in light dependent reactions. The goal is to measure the change of absorbance of 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) and examine the rate of the photosynthetic reactions using this data. The Hill Reaction can be used to study photosynthesis because we can directly measure the rate of the reaction of photosynthesis using DCIP.The Hill Reaction is defined as the photo reduction of an electron acceptor by the hydrogen ions from water, which then produce oxygen. In naturally occurring reactions NADP+ is the final electron acceptor. In the Hill Reaction we will be using 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP) as an electron acceptor instead of NADP+. DCIP is blue in its oxidized state and is colorless in its reduced form. This change in color can be utilized. As the photosynthetic reaction proceeds the DCIP will become increasing transparent. This reduction in blue color leads to change in absorbance and can be measured by the spectrophotometer in lab.Using the Hill Reaction, we hypothesized that the amount of light,(change in wattage) affects the rate of change of absorbance of DCIP in solution. In order to test our hypothesis we set up the experiment with three different strengths of light (15W, 60W, 120W), as well as a light free, negative control. Each run was conducted for ten minutes under similar conditions with a difference in wattage being the only variable. The negative control was conducted with no light to see how the reaction would proceed with no external influences. Having a control allows us to have a baseline of comparison for our three lighted runs.Due to the fact that light dependent reactions use light, we can predict that an increase in the amount of light will increase the rate of reaction of photosynthesis, thus lowering the absorbance. We can also predi ct that our control will have no change in absorption after a ten minute period without light. Method: To begin the Hill Reaction we first isolated the chloroplasts. This was done by placing the pieces of leaves into a mortar with 15ml of ice cold NaCl-buffer. The mixture was then ground for two minutes. After grinding the leaves we filtered the solution through 8 layers of cheesecloth.The juice was rung out and the solution put into a 15ml centrifuge tube. The solution was than centrifuged for one minute at 400xg. Then we decanted the supernatant into another clean, chilled centrifuge tube and spun it at 1000xg for 5 minutes. After the centrifuge process, we decanted the supernatant and suspended the pellet in 7ml of ice cold Nacl. This solution was kept on ice the entire time of experiment. To begin our runs we made a warm water bath for our solutions, then prepared the solutions shown in Figure 1 below. | NaCl buffer| DCIP| DI H2O| Chloroplats (on ice)| Blank| 3. 5 ml| -| 1. 0ml| 0. 5 ml|Control | 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 15W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 60W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Reaction 120W| 3. 5 ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5ml| 0. 5 ml| Figure 1. Experimental solutions to be prepared in lab. The blank solution was used to zero our spectrophotometer. To zero our spectrophotometer, we used the instructions provided at the spectrophotometer. To prepare the control, we added all solutions shown above and then wrapped it in two layers of aluminum foil to completely block any sources of light. After 10 minutes the control absorbance was tested to provide a negative control.We prepared the 15W, 60W, and 120W reaction tubes immediately before each respective run to avoid light pollution. The procedure we used to test each solution was to prepare the tube and place it 25cm from the source of light. Then, turn on the light and leave it on for a minute. Then at the minute mark the light was turned off and the clock stopped. The tub e was placed in the spectrophotometer and a reading was taken. Then the tube was returned to the water bath, the light turned on, and the clock started. We followed this procedure for ten times for a total of 10 minutes for each solution.The only difference between runs was the changing of bulb wattage. Results: How does the amount of light affect the rate of reaction of photosynthesis and therefore absorbance of the DCIP solution? The data shown in Figure 2 is the results of three reaction runs and a negative control run. The time in minutes is shown on the left and the percent absorbance of the 15W, 60W, 120W, and negative control run are provided in the subsequent columns. Time (minutes)| 15W %A| 60W %A| 120W %A| Negative control| 0| 1. 1| 0. 99| 0. 89| | 1| 1. 09| 0. 945| 0. 716| | 2| 1. 08| 0. 9| 0. 55| | 3| 1. 8| 0. 815| 0. 422| | 4| 1. 07| 0. 772| 0. 322| | 5| 1. 06| 0. 702| 0. 237| | 6| 1. 07| 0. 638| 0. 176| | 7| 1. 055| 0. 578| 0. 125| | 8| 1. 05| 0. 53| 0. 088| | 9| 1. 03 5| 0. 464| 0. 064| | 10| 1. 025| 0. 408| 0. 032| 1. 11| Figure 2. Data values for absorbance of DCIP solutions on a one minute basis. Also shown is the negative control with absorbance taken at 10 minutes. Figure 3 shows us a visual of the data in Figure 2. Figure 3. Time in minutes versus % absorbance of 15W, 60W, 120W, and negative control runs. Figure 4. The effect of bulb wattage on rate of absorbance. Discussion:Our results for our data runs show a common theme which is, the amount of light does have an effect on the rate of photosynthetic reaction. We can see by looking at the data in Figure 2 and depicted in Figure 3 that the amount of light has a direct influence on the rate of absorbance. The 15W run has a very small decline ending with a change in absorbance of only 7. 5%. The 60W bulb shows a change in absorbance of 58. 2%, and the 120W shows a change of 85. 8%, with a final absorption of almost 0. As shown in Figure 4, the rates of change of the 15W, 60W, and 120W runs a re 0. 75%, 5. 8%, and 13. 06 % absorbance/minute respectively.These results show that the higher the wattage, the faster DCIP turns clear, and the faster photosynthesis proceeds. Although the total change and rate of change of the 120W bulb are greatest, the reaction slows down towards the end of the run, as shown in Figure 3. This slowing of the reaction means that the amount of DCIP in its reduced state is very high, and can no longer accept electrons. This corresponds to Figure 3 because the absorbance is 3. 2% at the end. Which show a very low level of DCIP in the oxidized state. If the DCIP is no longer oxidized it can’t accept electrons which is a vital step in the light dependent reaction.Therefore we expect to observe a slowing of the reaction, and this is seen in Figure 3. The positive and negative controls give us a reference to compare our results to. In our case the 60W run is our positive control and is used in our data runs as a part of our data. It shows a line ar decline in absorbance providing a solid point of reference for a normally functioning system. The negative control provides a reference to a non-functioning Hill Reaction. The negative control shows a system without light and shows that the system will not react without sunlight. It also provides a base for 100% absorbance for each run.In conclusion our data does support our hypothesis and our prediction. As shown in the results, a change in the amount of light will produce a change in rate of the photosynthetic reaction. We predicted that a higher wattage will increase the rate. This was indeed shown in figure 2, with the 120W bulb showing the highest rate of reaction, and the 15W bulb with the slowest rate of synthetic reaction. Also we predicted that the negative control would show no reaction without light. This was supported as shown in Figure 2 with no change in absorption over the 10 min period.To test if the slowing of the reaction is due to a shortage of oxidized DCIP in solution, and not from high wattage, I would run each experiment again for a longer period of time. By doing this it would allow each run to reach a lower absorption. At this low absorption we would expect the rate to slow down due to the lack of oxidized DCIP. If this were true, each wattage would show the same slowing effect at low absorption. If the slowing of the reaction is not observed, the change would be due to a different reason such as a high wattage reducing DCIP’s functionality over time. References: Biology 111 Lab Manual. 2012

Jim Morrison as the Byronic Hero

In this paper I’m going to describe in what way Jim Morrison projects the majority of the characteristics of the Byronic Hero. In the first hand, I need to make a clear and consistent statement concerning the most typical features of the conventional Byronic Hero. Thorsley, the influential researcher of the Romanticism, gives the following account of the Byronic Hero: â€Å"†¦the Byronic Hero is the one protagonist who in stature and in temperament best represents the [heroic] tradition in England. † The image of the Byronic Hero is surprisingly controversial. He is usually disapproved and disregarded by the larger part of the society.Thorsley notes that, â€Å"with the loss of his titanic passions, his pride, and his certainty of self-identity, he loses also his status as hero. † Now let me list the typical features of a typical Childe Harold successor and analyze to what extent a specific feature applies to the charismatic personality of James Douglas Morr ison. In order to do it, I’m going to analyze his biography and some characteristics of his personality and musical heritage. The Byronic Hero is an extraordinary and talented young man. The tremendous success of Jim Morrison leaves no doubt in his enormous talent and energy.I dare say he was a genius for the ample reason that if we speak about the overall history of contemporary music, we should remember only two names, the Beatles and the Doors, and the Doors in the first place. Secondly, the Byronic Hero is rebellious and opposes almost all social laws and norms. He deliberately distances himself from the social institutions. This feature was characteristic of Jim Morrison from the early childhood and youth. He used to question authority and for that he was dismissed from the scout club. At night, he used to leave home secretly and go to crowded and disreputable bars.His juvenile misbehaving soon evolved into a consistent social protest expressed trough music and show. Phi losophies of Protest was his favorite course in Florida State University. He rejected social institution, and we find evidence for it in the fact that he had never been married. Instead, he â€Å"married† Patricia Kennealy in a Celtic pagan ceremony. The Byronic Hero is never impressed by rank and privilege though he may possess it. Jim Morrison might have become a representative of the â€Å"golden youth† with good education, good job and stable social position. But his choice was in favour of the flamboyant bohemian lifestyle.Another feature worth mentioning is intelligence. The conventional Byronic Hero is well-red and possibly well-bread. Jim Morrison took a keen interest in self-education; he devoted time to reading Nietzsche, Jung, Ginsberg, Joyce and Balzac. He derived inspiration in the writing of French symbolists, especially Rimbaud. It’s very interesting to observe that Arthur Rimbaud himself was an exemplary Byronic Hero, with his dark passions and i mpressive talents. By the age of fifteen, Jim was a gifted poet and painter; some sources argue that Jim Morrison had an IQ of 149.He has got good education and seen the world. This again proves that Jim Morrison projects the predominant majority of the features of the Byronic Hero. Another indicator of the Byronic Hero is the exile, usually imposed by the young men himself. Paris exile is an essential part of Jim Morrison’s biography. Jim escaped to Paris with Pamela Courson. He did so because he disliked being treated as a celebrity. He was unsatisfied with the absence of seriousness with which he was treated as an American poet. Paris seemed to provide an asylum. The Byronic Hero is continually depressed and melancholy.It’s reported that in Paris Jim searched for a sense of life and a sense himself in the world as well as for inspiration to create impressive poetry. But even in the city of great poets Jim was constantly uninspired and severely depressed. The Byronic Hero is unusually handsome and inextricably attractive, often to both sexes. I dare label Jim Morrison as the most prominent male sex-symbol of the 20th century. The Childe Harold successor is isolated and self-reliant. Although Morrison was passionate with woman, he never sometimes rejected people at all.While studying at the university, Jim lived in a house with five other students. Soon, due to his same heckling shenanigans, his roommates asked him to move out. This scenario repeated several time during Morrison’s life career. Thorsley finds a great definition of the Byronic Hero, and Jim Morrison perfectly fits it. The researcher writes that the Hero is â€Å"larger than life,† in his feelings, talent, ambition and pride. The Byronic Hero is self-destructive in the longer run. That’s the most substantial argument in proving Jim Morrison connection with the discussed image.His addiction to alcohol and drugs that progressed during the course of his life was h is titanic passion. Finally, he is believed to have died from drug overdose. He abused large quantity of heroin without knowing what exact drug it was. The consequences were easy to foresee. The ingestion of such a large quantity of a drug he had never used before caused a shock and the heart attack. Another version suggests that he did it deliberately, and the case was a typical example of a suicide. Anyway, Morrison, as a typical Byronic Hero, is a master of his own life and death.Another quality of the Byronic Hero is the ability to stay forever young. Jim Morrison died at the age of 27. Those, whom Gods love, die young. The only counter-evidence I was able to discover, is the fact that the conventional Byronic Hero is distressed by a terrible thing he committed in the past; has a hidden curse or crime. This burden forces him into a voluntary exile. We can’t say that Morrison was constantly followed by the memories of his past. His only serious and continuous crime was con nected to drug abuse, but that was typical of him during all the lifetime.But I can minimize the importance of this evidence. When he escaped to Paris, he faced a tragic dilemma in his life. His two soul-mates, Pamela Courson and Patricia Kennealy, both demanded his love. Many say that his devotion to Patricia Kennealy was greater, but Pamela let him continue his experiments with alcohol and drugs. He may have always felt guilt and regret for leaving Patricia. I consider that this essay proves with essential argumentation and evidence that Jim Morrison projects almost all the features of the Byronic Hero.James Douglas Morrison was charismatic and talented, attractive and handsome, melancholy and drug-addicted, self-destructive and often isolated. He experienced exile, guilt and depression. So I strongly deem that there are substantial grounds to state that Jim Morrison projects almost all the characteristic of the conventional Byronic Hero. Sources: Stephen Davis, Jim Morrison: Life , Death, Legend, Gotham Books, 2004. James Riordan, Jerry Prochinichy, Break on Through: The Life and Death of Jim Morrison, Perennial Currents, 1992. Peter L. Thorslev, Romantic Contraries: Freedom Versus Destiny, Yale Univ Pr. , 1984.